不同盐分胁迫对高冰草种子发芽的影响

对高冰草种子在4种盐分NaCl、Na2SO4、Na2CO3、NaHCO3的8个不同浓度(0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%、1.2%、1.4%、1.6%)的胁迫下进行发芽试验,分别观测其发芽情况,胚根和幼苗的生长。结果表明:高冰草种子的发芽率随盐分浓度的增加而降低。其耐盐顺序为Na2SO4>NaCl>NaHCO3>Na2CO3。     

基于二维激光传感器无人直升机作业边界探测

无人机喷雾作业边界探测识别是无人直升机喷雾的重要内容,如果喷雾最大喷幅超过目标区域,会导致药液流失,造成环境的严重污染。为此,基于无人直升机平台,选取二维激光扫描传感器、姿态传感器等传感器搭建了一套二维激光扫描探测系统。该系统利用二维激光传感器探测无人直升机距离作物冠层和田埂的高度,计算冠层和田埂距离差值,并把高度差值作为分割阈值,实现无人直升机作业边界的提取,同时进行了田间试验验证。     

稻油轮作区驱动圆盘犁对置组合式耕整机设计与试验

针对长江中下游稻油轮作区油菜种植时土壤黏重板结、秸秆量大、播种作业需同步开畦沟的农艺要求,考虑传统耕整作业耕层浅、功耗大的不足,依据驱动圆盘犁组与传统铧式犁相比,不易缠草堵塞、通过性好、牵引阻力小的特征,设计了用于油菜播种的驱动圆盘犁对置组合式耕整机。提出了主动式对置犁耕与被动式开畦沟、碎土、平整相结合的联合耕整作业方案,分析了对称布置的圆盘犁组的动力学和运动学特性,确定了其主要结构和工作参数。根据犁体曲面成形原理,设计了开畦沟前犁犁体曲面;依据组合式船型开沟器与土壤挤压互作机制的分析,确定了开畦沟区域宽度为350 mm时,开畦沟系统作业后可有效保证畦沟和种床厢面质量。耕深稳定性试验表明,整机作业实际耕深与限深深度基本一致,耕深稳定性系数均在90%以上。厢面质量试验表明,开畦沟系统在中间开畦沟区域能开出沟宽241.6~293.5 mm,沟深328.6~370.8 mm的梯形沟。经组合式船型开沟器挤压的土壤对犁沟的实际填埋率高于87.67%,碎土辊作业后厢面平整度为22.45~26.70 mm,碎土率为60.14%~68.37%。正交试验结果表明,整机较优工作参数为:限深深度为180 mm,机组前进速度为3.5 km/h,圆盘犁组转速为160 r/min,此时整机功耗为24.37 k W,相比传统旋耕方式的油菜播种种床整备机具的功耗降低了37.67%,秸秆埋覆率为92.78%,碎土率为66.74%,厢面平整度为24.18 mm,土壤对犁沟平均填埋率为92.3%,满足油菜播种的农艺要求。     

Diversity of methodologies to experiment Integrated Pest Management in arable cropping systems: Analysis and reflections based on a European network

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) aims to promote physical and biological regulation strategies that help farmers contain populations of pests (pathogens, animal pests and weeds) and to finally reduce the reliance on pesticides. It is based on the holistic combination of multiple management measures rather than on the sum of single methods, each of them having only small effects on pests reduction. Thus, to analyse the interactions between IPM measures and to evaluate the sustainability of their implementation, we require an approach considering the whole cropping system (CS), i.e. a functional entity whose complexity is more than the sum of its parts. A network of European experiments at the CS level was set up recently, and aimed at sharing data and expertise to enhance knowledge of IPM. Comparison of existing methodologies highlighted a diversity of CS designs and experimental layouts. We deduced that the concept of CS itself was viewed differently among scientists, and this affected experimental protocols. Other differences were related to the research context and objectives. Some experiments aimed to explore very innovative strategies and generated knowledge on both their effects on the agroecosystem and their ability to satisfy a set of performance targets, while others aimed to provide quickly adoptable solutions for local farmers in line with the current socio-economic constraints. In some research programmes, the experiment was part of the CS design process — and tested CS were regularly revised based on an continuous improvement loop — while in other cases CS were kept stable across years so as to enable the evaluation of their long-term cumulative effects. A critical aspect contributing to the diversity among CS experiments was the distinction between a factorial design of experimental CS and systemic approaches: factorial experiments allowed quantification of the effects of each IPM component regardless of the consistency between components defining the CS. In contrast, systemic approaches focused on the overall evaluation of CS designed with consideration of their consistency, hence maximising their ability to meet the objectives. Because CS experiments represent a huge investment in terms of economics and time, preliminary reflections of the relevance of the experimental strategy is of critical importance.     

望远摄影测树仪设计与试验

以摄影测量学原理、图像处理技术原理、测树学原理为理论基础,设计望远摄影测树仪,该仪器由PDA模块、远程EDM模块、长焦CCD镜头模块和云台组成,测量时获取倾角、方位角、远程距离及图像信息等参数,通过在Android Studio 2.1开发环境下集成并利用Java语言进行汇编实现树高测量、胸径测量、微样地林分测量等功能。通过试验验证,树高测量精度达93.32%,胸径测量精度达96.49%,林分平均高度测量精度达94.47%,林分平均胸径测量精度达91.68%,林分密度测量精度达86.04%,林分蓄积量测量精度达82.64%,解决了不可到达点观测难度高、看得见测不到等问题。     

链齿式残膜回收输送方式对比分析与试验

针对传统下输送链齿式残膜回收机存在的捡拾效果不佳与输膜不畅等现象,提出了上输送残膜回收方式,并对两种输送方式的残膜回收机在拾膜和脱膜阶段的机理进行了分析;从理论角度分析了两种输送方式的可行性,并对其特点进行了比较。分别设计了结构参数相同但输送方式不同的两台链齿式残膜回收机,一台采用下输送方式,而另一台采用上输送方式。在收获后的花生田进行收膜对比试验,对影响机具作业质量的输送方式、输送链转速和脱膜辊转速3个主要因素进行正交试验,结果表明:输送方式是影响机具捡拾率的主要因素,上输送方式的捡拾率达到91.9%,远高于下输送方式,综合作业质量上输送方式优于下输送方式。该对比试验可为链齿式残膜回收机输送方式的选择和未来的研发方向提供参考。     

Urban permeability for birds: An approach combining mobbing-call experiments and circuit theory

The urban matrix was recently shown to be a mosaic of heterogeneous dispersal habitats. We conducted a playback experiment of mobbing calls to examine the probabilities of forest birds to cross a distance of 50 m over urban matrix with different land-cover types in an urban area. We treated the reciprocal of the crossing probabilities as a movement resistance for forest birds. We drew resistance surfaces based on the land-cover maps of urban Sapporo. We applied a circuit theory to examine the relative role of a detour route consisting of a riparian corridor and urban matrix for dispersing forest bird individuals from continuous forest to an isolated green space in the midst of an urban area. Our results showed that wood cover had the highest crossing probability, while open land (grassland and pavement) had the lowest probabilities. Buildings and water surface displayed an intermediate probability. Resistance surfaces and flow maps at 25- and 50-m resolutions were very similar and suggested that dispersing individuals are likely to use the intervening building areas that dominate the urban matrix rather than detour through riparian corridors. Our results showed the useful combination of experimental approaches and circuit theory, and the importance of the spatial configuration of corridors, as well as the composition and management of dispersal habitats, to landscape connectivity.     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区苹果园水肥耦合试验研究

在西北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区选择试验点,开展了苹果园水肥耦合试验,研究内容包括苹果园土壤农化性状测试分析;不同水肥耦合试验组合对土壤养分含量的影响;不同水肥耦合试验组合对苹果树的干周、产量、质量及效益的影响等。试验研究结果证明,实行平衡施肥后,土壤中的养分含量磷素提高到2~3级;氮素保持5级,钾素保持2级,有机质含量均有提高。提出了在苹果树不同树龄段,最适的水肥耦合量比例。按照该水肥耦合比例,能有效提高肥料利用率和土壤养分含量,基本达到了各树龄段的优质果园标准,经济效益显著。     

强化食品中活性钙提取条件的商榷

研究应用ＥＤＴＡ法测定强化食品中活性钙提取条件的选择问题，提出用酸液提取活性钙的方法。     

沈阳市优质高产水稻品种品比试验研究

对引进的14个水稻新品种进行品比试验,鉴定各品种的丰产性、抗逆性及适应条件。试验表明:适合在沈阳地区示范推广的主要品种为辽星1号、千重浪2号、盐粳68、辽优1052和盐丰47;辽优1052相对比较适宜沈阳市以南的中晚熟稻区,并提出了部分品种在推广中应注意的问题,为水稻品种的选用提供参考。